Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Armed Conflict: A Human-Centred Approach

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) plays a crucial role in protecting victims of armed conflict and advocates for the adherence to humanitarian law amidst increasing technological advancements and conflicts. The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) presents significant consequences for humanitarian efforts, as well as potential risks associated with their applications in warfare.

AI refers to the capability of a computer or a machine to perform tasks that traditionally require human intelligence. This includes reasoning, learning, and problem-solving. Machine learning, a subset of AI, involves systems utilizing large volumes of data to improve their performance over time. Given these definitions, the implications of AI and ML in warfare and humanitarian action are extensive and warrant careful exploration.

The ICRC's Perspective

The ICRC is not inherently opposed to new military technologies. For example, tools that contribute to more precise attacks can potentially aid parties in armed conflict in minimizing harm to civilians, thereby aligning with humanitarian principles. Nonetheless, the use of such technologies must adhere to existing international humanitarian laws (IHL) and consider their humanitarian impacts. The ICRC emphasizes that military applications of AI and ML are deliberate choices made by states that should consider potential risks to civilians and combatants no longer engaged in hostilities.

Applications of AI in Warfare

1. Autonomy in Robotic Systems

AI and ML have significant implications for the development of autonomous weapon systems. These systems, which are capable of selecting and engaging targets without human intervention, raise critical humanitarian, legal, and ethical concerns. The potential loss of human control over military operations could lead to unpredictable outcomes, posing risks to civilian populations.

2. Cyber and Information Warfare

The adaptation of AI and ML for cyber warfare, including the capability to autonomously launch and defend against cyber attacks, is a growing concern. Such technologies could alter the scale and severity of cyber operations, complicating the protection of civilian entities.

Disinformation and Misinformation

AI has also enabled the spread of disinformation during conflicts. Algorithms can generate and amplify false narratives that can mislead civilians and influence public perception, further complicating humanitarian responses.

3. Decision-Making in Conflict

AI and ML can significantly aid in military intelligence by analyzing vast amounts of data for strategic purposes. However, automated decision-making raises ethical questions about human agency and accountability in warfare. Decisions about targeting and detention that fall under IHL require human judgment and contextual understanding, which automated systems lack.

Humanitarian Action Using AI

While the ICRC acknowledges the risks associated with AI applications, there are also numerous opportunities for humanitarian action. The use of AI tools can help in needs assessments, monitoring humanitarian consequences, and improving identification systems for missing persons. For example, facial recognition technologies and data analysis applications could enhance efforts to reunite families separated by conflict.

A Human-Centred Approach

The ICRC advocates for maintaining human control and judgment in all AI applications within armed conflict to ensure compliance with IHL. Preserving human oversight is critical in tasks with significant ethical implications, such as decisions involving the use of force. Human agency must remain central, ensuring that technology augments rather than replaces human decision-making.

Conclusion

The integration of AI and ML into warfare poses profound implications for humanitarian actions and responsibilities. Future approaches must focus on a human-centred paradigm, emphasizing the importance of human control, transparency, and accountability to mitigate risks associated with autonomous systems. The ICRC's ongoing involvement in shaping policies that govern the use of technologies in conflict will be pivotal in safeguarding humanitarian values amidst evolving technological landscapes.

AI and Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflict

AI and Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflict