Parts of Speech

Nouns: Words that name a person, place, or thing.
Collective Nouns: Refer to groups (e.g., flock of birds, class of students).
Common Nouns: General names for things (e.g., cat, dog, chair).
Abstract Nouns: Name concepts or qualities that cannot be touched (e.g., love, friendship).
Proper Nouns: Specific names or titles, always capitalized (e.g., Zwaanswyk High School, Cape Town).

Adjectives: Words that describe nouns.
Descriptive Adjectives: Provide specific qualities (e.g., blue in "her blue hair").
Demonstrative Adjectives: Point out specific nouns (e.g., that in "that toothbrush is gross").
Proper Adjectives: Formed from proper nouns (e.g., South African in "South African rugby players").
Possessive Adjectives: Show ownership (e.g., her in "That is her toothbrush").
Interrogative Adjectives: Used in questions to modify nouns (e.g., Which in "Which toothbrush is yours?").

Pronouns: Words that replace nouns.
Personal Pronouns: Refer to specific people or things (e.g., I, me, they, she).
Possessive Pronouns: Indicate ownership (e.g., mine, theirs).
Demonstrative Pronouns: Point to specific items (e.g., that, these, those).
Interrogative Pronouns: Used to ask questions (e.g., who, whose, what).

Verbs: Action or "doing" words.
Finite Verbs: Can be formed by combining auxiliary verbs with non-finite verbs.
Gerund: A verb form ending in "-ing," often preceded by "to" in some contexts.
Present Participle: A verb form ending in "-ing."
Past Participle: A verb form typically ending in "-ed," "-d," "-t," "-en," or "-n."
Auxiliary/Helper Verbs: Combine with non-finite verbs to establish tense (e.g., had in "She had broken the vase").

Adverbs: Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
They can indicate Manner (how something happens, e.g., quickly) or Degree (to what extent, e.g., constantly).

Conjunctions: Words that link words, phrases, or clauses together (e.g., and, but).
They can also indicate Time (e.g., immediately) or Place (e.g., above, below).

Articles: Words that precede nouns.
Indefinite Articles: a and an, used for non-specific items (e.g., an elephant, a big tree).
Definite Article: the, used for specific items (e.g., the table, the sun).

Prepositions: Words that show relationships in time, space, or other contexts (e.g., above, under, next to, with).

Sentence Structure

Clause: A part of a sentence containing a subject and a verb.
Main/Independent Clause: A group of words that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Subordinate/Dependent Clause: A group of words that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

Simple Sentence: Contains one main clause with a subject and a main verb, often followed by an object.
Compound Sentence: Consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction, comma, or semicolon (e.g., and, but, for, nor, or, yet).
Complex Sentence: Contains one main clause and at least one subordinate clause, connected by conjunctions such as because, although, while, since.